| 1. |
Introduction |
S. 1 |
| 1.1. |
ESP: Theoretical Framework |
S. 1 |
| 1.2. |
Rationale for this Study |
S. 11 |
| 1.3. |
Scope and Specific Objectives of this Study |
S. 18 |
| 2. |
Dictionary-User Interaction: A Review of the Relevant Literature |
S. 21 |
| 2.1. |
Introduction |
S. 21 |
| 2.2. |
Barnhart (1962) |
S. 21 |
| 2.3. |
Quirk (1973) |
S. 23 |
| 2.4. |
Bujas (1975) |
S. 24 |
| 2.5. |
Tomaszczyk (1979) |
S. 25 |
| 2.6. |
Opitz (1979) |
S. 26 |
| 2.7. |
Baxter (1980) |
S. 28 |
| 2.8. |
Béjoint (1981) |
S. 30 |
| 2.9. |
Bensoussan et al. (1981) |
S. 31 |
| 2.10. |
Jain (1981) |
S. 33 |
| 2.11. |
Ard (1982) |
S. 33 |
| 2.12. |
Hartmann (1983) |
S. 34 |
| 2.13. |
Mitchell (1983) |
S. 35 |
| 2.14. |
MacFarquhar and Richards (1983) |
S. 36 |
| 2.15. |
Chagunda (1983) |
S. 37 |
| 2.16. |
Greenbaum et al. (1984) |
S. 38 |
| 2.17. |
Hatherall (1984) |
S. 39 |
| 2.18. |
El-Sakran (1984) |
S. 40 |
| 2.19. |
Nesi (1984) |
S. 41 |
| 2.20. |
Tono (1984) |
S. 42 |
| 2.21. |
Kipfer (1985) |
S. 44 |
| 2.22. |
Griffin (1985) |
S. 45 |
| 2.23. |
Iqbal (1987) |
S. 47 |
| 2.24. |
Research in Progress |
S. 49 |
| 3. |
Research Design and Methodology |
S. 52 |
| 3.1. |
Choice of General Approach |
S. 52 |
| 3.2. |
Choice of Type of Dictionary User |
S. 52 |
| 3.3. |
Choice of Particular Context |
S. 53 |
| 3.4. |
Choice of Subjects |
S. 54 |
| 3.5. |
Choice of Studied Aspects of Dictionary Use |
S. 55 |
| 3.6. |
Choice of Specific Techniques |
S. 58 |
| 3.7. |
Research Instruments: Design and Procedures |
S. 63 |
| 3.8. |
The Students' Interviews |
S. 70 |
| 4. |
Reference Skills and Dictionary Use at Pre-ESP level |
S. 72 |
| 4.1. |
Introduction |
S. 72 |
| 4.2. |
The Notion of Reference Skills |
S. 72 |
| 4.3. |
The Place of Dictionary Use in the School English Curricula |
S. 77 |
| 4.4. |
Findings on the Students' Use of Dictionaries at School Level |
S. 82 |
| 5. |
Contexts of Dictionary Use In Relation to Communicative Needs |
S. 90 |
| 5.1. |
Introduction |
S. 90 |
| 5.2. |
The Role of English in the Jordanian Tertiary Education |
S. 90 |
| 5.3. |
The Teaching of English at the University of Jordan |
S. 93 |
| 5.4. |
The Place of Dictionary and Reference Skills in the University EFL/ESP Programmes |
S. 95 |
| 5.5. |
An Analysis of Communicative Needs |
S. 99 |
| 6. |
Purposes of Dictionary Use in Relation to Lexical Needs |
S. 141 |
| 6.1. |
Introduction |
S. 141 |
| 6.2. |
Lexical Needs of ESP Learners |
S. 142 |
| 6.3. |
Semantic Needs and Dictionary Use |
S. 144 |
| 6.4. |
Phonetic Needs and Dictionary Use |
S. 150 |
| 6.5. |
Syntactic Needs and Dictionary Use |
S. 155 |
| 6.6. |
Orthographic Needs and Dictionary Use |
S. 158 |
| 6.7. |
Dictionary Search for Illustrative Materials |
S. 161 |
| 6.8. |
Dictionary Search for Information in Appendices |
S. 161 |
| 6.9. |
Dictionary Search for Syllabification |
S. 162 |
| 6.10. |
Dictionary Search for Etymology |
S. 163 |
| 7. |
Dictionaries in Use: A Critique |
S. 165 |
| 7.1. |
Introduction |
S. 165 |
| 7.2. |
The Image of the Dictionary |
S. 166 |
| 7.3. |
Acquisition of Lexicographical Information |
S. 170 |
| 7.4. |
Students' Use of Bilingual Dictionaries |
S. 176 |
| 7.5. |
Students' Use of Monolingual English Dictionaries |
S. 200 |
| 8. |
Conclusions and Recommendations |
S. 206 |
| 8.1. |
Introduction |
S. 206 |
| 8.2. |
Towards ESP Lexicography |
S. 206 |
| 8.3. |
Pre-University EFL Teaching |
S. 216 |
| 8.4. |
University EFL/ESP Teaching and Teacher Training |
S. 218 |
| 8.5. |
The Need for Further Research |
S. 226 |
| |
| Bibliography |
S. 228 |
| |
Dictionaries |
S. 228 |
| |
Other References |
S. 231 |
| List of Abbreviations |
S. 251 |
| Appendix 1: The Students' Questionnaire (translation from Arabic) |
S. 252 |
| Appendix 2: The Nursing Staff Questionnaire |
S. 263 |
| Appendix 3: The Students' Follow-Up Interview |
S. 272 |
| Appendix 4: The ESP Staff Interview |
S. 281 |
| Appendix 5: Tables for Further Reference |
S. 287 |