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Band 55:: Carlin, Eithne B.: A Grammar of Trio. A Cariban Language of Suriname. XXXIV/549 S. - Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Bern / Bruxelles / New York / Oxford / Wien: Lang, 2004.
ISBN: 3-631-52900-7

This is a comprehensive descriptive grammar of Trio, a Cariban language, spoken in the remote rainforest of Suriname and along the border in Brazil. Typologically interesting features of Trio include a basic word order Object-Verb-Subject and a system of evidentiality that expresses whether or not the speaker was eye-witness to an event. Trio has several grammatical morphemes that mirror the group's conceptualization of the world of the visible and the invisible in which they live; one is a facsimile marker that expresses that the denotee of a noun is manifestly but not intrinsically that denotee; the role of the individual in contributing to a harmonious collective, recognized by anthropologists as a salient aspect of Amazonian life, is expressed by two «responsibility» clitics. This grammar will be a valuable source-book for linguists, anthropologists, and everyone interested in the finer points of Guianan-Amazonian languages.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Tables		S. XV
Acknowledgements		S. XIX
Abbreviations and symbols		S. XXIII
Inventory of grammatical morphemes		S. XXVII
Map of Suriname showing the location of the Cariban groups		S. XXXIV

1.	The Trio	S. 1
2.	Phonology	S. 45
3.	Lexical categories	S. 67
4.	Nominal morphology	S. 91
5.	Pronouns	S. 143
6.	Postpositions	S. 165
7.	Interrogatives and question words	S. 229
8.	Verbal morphology	S. 255
9.	Nominalization	S. 349
10.	Other word classes and clitics	S. 383
11.	Types of possession	S. 459
12.	Syntax	S. 477
13.	Texts	S. 511

References		S. 543

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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List of Tables			S. XV
Acknowledgements			S. XIX
Abbreviations and symbols			S. XXIII
Inventory of grammatical morphemes			S. XXVII
Map of Suriname showing the location of the Cariban groups			S. XXXIV

1.	The Trio		S. 1
1.1.		The people and their environment	S. 1
1.2.		Present day economy and subsistence	S. 5
1.3.		Classification of the language	S. 7
1.4.		Variation within Trio	S. 9
1.5.		The status of Trio today	S. 11
1.6.		Formation of the Trio nation	S. 12
1.7.		History of contact	S. 17
1.8.		Languages for specific purposes I: ceremonial dialogue	S. 20
1.9.		Languages for specific purposes II: Trio-Ndyuka pidgin	S. 29
1.10.		Cultural aspects of language usage	S. 31
1.11.		Former studies on Trio	S. 38
1.12.		Collection of data	S. 39
1.13.		Spelling and abbreviation conventions	S. 41
1.14.		Typological overview of Trio	S. 42
2.	Phonology		S. 45
2.1.		Introduction	S. 45
2.2.		Phoneme inventory: the consonant phonemes	S. 45
2.3.		The vowel phonemes	S. 49
2.4.		Distribution of consonants	S. 53
2.5.		Syllable structure	S. 58
3.	Lexical categories		S. 67
3.1.		Major categories	S. 67
3.2.		Person-marking across word classes: Preliminaries	S. 70
3.3.		Person marking	S. 76
3.4.		The persons	S. 80
3.5.		Reflexive marking across word classes	S. 87
3.6.		Plural marking of the personal prefixes across word classes	S. 87
4.	Nominal morphology		S. 91
4.1.		General characteristics of nouns	S. 91
4.2.		Noun classes	S. 92
4.3.		Inflectional Morphology	S. 93
4.4.		Plural marking of the personal prefixes on nouns	S. 101
4.5.		Possessive suffixes	S. 103
4.6.		Possession and negation	S. 113
4.7.		Number and nominal plural marking	S. 113
4.8.		Nominal derivational suffixes	S. 119
4.9.		Compound nouns	S. 136
4.10.		Nouns and negation	S. 136
4.11.		Lists of body parts and kinship terms	S. 137
5.	Pronouns		S. 143
5.1.		General	S. 143
5.2.		General pronouns: Speech act participants	S. 143
5.3.		The third person pronouns	S. 148
5.4.		The pronouns and tense	S. 155
5.5.		Independent possessive pronouns	S. 157
5.6.		Coordination of pronouns	S. 160
5.7.		Reflexive particle ëikarë	S. 162
6.	Postpositions		S. 165
6.1.		General remarks	S. 165
6.2.		Locatives and directionals	S. 172
6.3.		Non-locative postpositions	S. 207
6.4.		Postpositions of cognition and perception	S. 221
7.	Interrogatives and question words		S. 229
7.1.		Polar questions	S. 229
7.2.		Alternative questions	S. 231
7.3.		General wh-questions	S. 231
7.4.		Where, locative and directional	S. 240
7.5.		How?	S. 245
7.6.		When, what time?	S. 246
7.7.		Why?	S. 247
7.8.		How much, how many?	S. 249
7.9.		The suffix -hpe	S. 249
7.10.		The syntax of questions	S. 250
8.	Verbal morphology		S. 255
8.2.		Verbs as a word class	S. 255
8.2.		General remarks on the phonological form of verbs	S. 255
8.3.		Verb types	S. 255
8.4.		Verb formation and noun incorporation	S. 261
8.5.		Verb valence	S. 264
8.6.		Overview of verbal morphology	S. 270
8.7.		Verbal inflectional suffixes	S. 281
8.8.		Modal categories	S. 296
8.9.		Evidentiality and the finite verb	S. 299
8.10.		Imperatives	S. 302
8.11.		Paradigms of the frequent verbs 'be' and 'come'	S. 313
8.12.		Verbal derivational suffixes	S. 318
8.13.		Verb formation from noun	S. 322
8.14.		Non-finite verb forms	S. 335
9.	Nominalization		S. 349
9.1.		Types	S. 349
9.2.		Nominalization of verbs	S. 351
9.3.		Degrees of nominality and morphological compatibility	S. 374
9.4.		Nominalization of person on postpositions and adverbials	S. 376
9.5.		Nominalization of negative possessive constructions	S. 379
10.	Other word classes and clitics		S. 383
10.1.		Introduction	S. 383
10.2.		Adverbs	S. 383
10.3.		De-verbal adverb derivation	S. 391
10.4.		Expressions of time	S. 392
10.5.		Spatial expressions	S. 398
10.6.		Adverbial expressions with the facsimile marker -me	S. 400
10.7.		Numerals and quantifiers	S. 405
10.8.		Sound symbolic expressions	S. 411
10.9.		Interjections	S. 415
10.10.		Particles	S. 416
10.11.		Discourse conjunctions and cohesion markers	S. 425
10.12.		Clitics	S. 430
10.13.		The non-modal clitics	S. 432
10.14.		The modal clitics: assertion	S. 440
10.15.		The exclusion clitic _rëken(e)	S. 447
10.16.		The frustrative clitic _re(pe)	S. 448
10.17.		The corrective and counter expectational modal clitics	S. 451
10.18.		The responsibility modal clitics	S. 456
11.	Types of possession		S. 459
11.1.		Introduction	S. 459
11.2.		Immediate possession	S. 460
11.3.		Temporary controlled possession	S. 461
11.4.		Permanent possession: the tï-N-ke construction	S. 462
11.5.		Physical and abstract possession	S. 475
12.	Syntax		S. 477
12.1.		Clause types	S. 477
12.2.		Noun phrases	S. 488
12.3.		Postpositional phrases	S. 496
12.4.		Postpositional clauses with aspectual meaning	S. 501
12.5.		'Before' and 'after' clauses	S. 504
12.6.		Fixed expressions: greetings	S. 505
13.	Texts		S. 511
13.1.		Text 1: The Anaconcas and the shaman	S. 511
13.2.		Text 2: A shaman's trip to the celestial world	S. 516
13.3.		Text 3: Maakë iwehtoponpë: The Origin of Mosquito	S. 528

References			S. 543

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