| 1. |
Preface |
S. 1 |
| 2. |
Introduction |
S. 2 |
| 2.1. |
Preliminary remarks |
S. 2 |
| 2.2. |
Developments from the late fifties to the mid-sixties |
S. 3 |
| 2.3. |
Developments from the mid-sixties to late 1969 |
S. 6 |
| 2.4. |
Developments since 1970 |
S. 8 |
| 3. |
Short history of Papuan linguistic research |
S. 20 |
| 3.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 20 |
| 3.2. |
The first period |
S. 20 |
| 3.3. |
The second period |
S. 22 |
| 4. |
The nature of Papuan languages |
S. 35 |
| 4.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 35 |
| 4.2. |
General Papuan characteristics |
S. 35 |
| 4.3. |
Australian, Papuan and Austronesian characteristics in contrast |
S. 53 |
| 5. |
The classification of Papuan languages |
S. 65 |
| 5.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 65 |
| 5.2. |
“Mixed” languages |
S. 65 |
| 5.3. |
Lexicostatistical classification and structural evidence |
S. 67 |
| 5.4. |
Criteria for the classification of Papuan languages |
S. 68 |
| 5.5. |
Degrees of interrelationships |
S. 70 |
| 5.6. |
Some illustrative examples of the application of the criteria discussed in 5.4, in doubtful cases |
S. 72 |
| 6. |
The Trans-New Guinea Phylum in general |
S. 76 |
| 6.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 76 |
| 6.2. |
General characteristics of Trans-New Guinea Phylum languages |
S. 76 |
| 6.3. |
Internal classification of the Trans-New Guinea Phylum |
S. 93 |
| 6.4. |
Non-general characteristics of Trans-New Guinea Phylum languages |
S. 100 |
| 6.5. |
The constituent members of the Trans-New Guinea Phylum |
S. 108 |
| 7. |
The West Papuan Phylum |
S. 204 |
| 8. |
The Sepik-Ramu Phylum |
S. 209 |
| 8.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 209 |
| 8.2. |
The Sepik Subphylum |
S. 211 |
| 8.3. |
The Leonhard Schultze subphylum-level Stock |
S. 218 |
| 8.4. |
The Nor-Pondo (Lower Sepik) subphylum-level Stock |
S. 219 |
| 8.5. |
The Gapun subphylum-level Isolate |
S. 221 |
| 8.6. |
The Ramu Subphylum |
S. 221 |
| 9. |
The Torricelli Phylum |
S. 226 |
| 10. |
The East Papuan Phylum |
S. 231 |
| 10.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 231 |
| 10.2. |
The Yele-Solomons — New Britain subphylum-level Super-Stock |
S. 232 |
| 10.3. |
The Bougainville subphylum-level Super-Stock |
S. 237 |
| 10.4. |
The Reefs-Santa Cruz subphylum-level Family |
S. 240 |
| 11. |
Minor Phyla |
S. 245 |
| 11.1. |
The Sko phylum-level Stock |
S. 245 |
| 11.2. |
The Kwomtari phylum-level Stock |
S. 246 |
| 11.3. |
The Arai (Left May) phylum-level Family |
S. 247 |
| 11.4. |
The Amto-Musian (Musan) phylum-level Family |
S. 248 |
| 11.5. |
The East Bird's Head phylum-level Stock |
S. 248 |
| 11.6. |
The Geelvink Bay Phylum |
S. 249 |
| 12. |
Isolates |
S. 252 |
| 12.1. |
General remarks |
S. 252 |
| 12.2. |
The Warenbori phylum-level Isolate |
S. 252 |
| 12.3. |
The Taurap (Borumeso) phylum-level Isolate |
S. 252 |
| 12.4. |
The Yuri phylum-level Isolate |
S. 253 |
| 12.5. |
The Busa (Busan) phylum-level Isolate |
S. 253 |
| 12.6. |
The Nagatman (Nagatiman) phylum-level Isolate |
S. 253 |
| 12.7. |
The Porome (Kibiri) phylum-level Isolate |
S. 253 |
| 12.8. |
The Maisin Language |
S. 254 |
| 12.9. |
The Pauwi phylum-level Isolate |
S. 254 |
| 12.10. |
Languages reported |
S. 254 |
| 13. |
Possible links of Papuan languages with other languages |
S. 255 |
| 14. |
Possible past language migrations in the New Guinea area |
S. 258 |
| 14.1. |
Introductory remarks |
S. 258 |
| 14.2. |
Linguistic evidence |
S. 258 |
| 14.3. |
Interdisciplinary evidence |
S. 261 |
| 14.4. |
The possible past Papuan language migration picture |
S. 261 |
| |
| Bibliography |
S. 278 |
| Index of languages and dialects |
S. 310 |